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In
phonetics, a
flap or
tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
Contrast with stops and trills
The main difference between a flap and a
stop consonant is that in a flap, there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation, and consequently no release (phonetics) burst. Otherwise a flap is similar to a brief stop.
Flaps also contrast with Trill consonant, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a flap, but are variable, whereas a flap is limited to a single contact.
Tap vs. flap
Many
linguists use the terms
tap and
flap indiscriminately. Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it might be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage was inconsistent, contradicting itself even between different editions of the same text. The last proposed distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief
Stop consonant, whereas a flap strikes the point of contact: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the
alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing." However, he no longer feels this is a useful distinction to make, and prefers to use the word
flap in all cases. For linguists that do make the distinction, the
Coronal consonant tap is transcribed as a fish-hook ar, , while the flap is transcribed as a small capital dee, , which is not recognized by the IPA. Otherwise alveolars are typically called
taps, and other Manner of articulation
flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
IPA symbols
The flap and tap consonants identified by the
International Phonetic Alphabet are:
{]|
North American English| [Japanese language| ラーメン| | "ramen"|-| style="font-size: 24px; text-align: center;" | | [retroflex flap|
dupa (?)| | "windbreak"|-| style="font-size: 24px; text-align: center;" | | [labiodental flap||| "animal"|}
Types of flaps
Alveolar flaps
Spanish language features a good illustration of an alveolar flap, contrasting it with a
trill consonant:
pe'r
o "but" vs. perr
o "dog". Among the Germanic languages, this allophone occurs in American English and in Northern Low Saxon language (“Low German language”). In American English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic /t/ (as in "butt'er," "la
ter," "fa
ttest" and "to
tal"). In a number of Low Saxon dialects it occurs as an allophone of intervocalic /d/ or /t/; e.g.
bä'd
en /beeden/ → ‘to pray’, ‘to request’, gah to Bedd
e! /gaa tou bede/ → ‘go to bed!’, Wat
er /vaater/ → ‘water’, Vatt
er /fater/ → ‘father’. (In some dialects this has resulted in reanalysis and a shift to /r/; thus bären , to Berre , Warer , Varrer .) Occurrence varies; in some Low Saxon dialects it affects both /t/ and /d/, while in others it affects only /d/.
Retroflex flaps
Most Indic language and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In
Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in
big, a
breathy voice retroflex flap as in
leper, and a retroflex nasalization flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of Sanskrit
ruby. Some of these may be
allophone.
Lateral flaps
Lateral flaps may be more common than much of the literature would lead one to believe. Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that don't distinguish
r from
l may have a lateral flap, but this is generally missed by European linguists, who often aren't familiar with the sound.
However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral-central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral or , sometimes central . This has been suggested to be the case for
Japanese language, for example.
The Iwaidja language of Australia has both alveolar and retroflex lateral flaps, and perhaps a palatal lateral flap as well. (However, the latter is rare and may be a palatalization alveolar lateral flap rather than a separate phoneme.) These contrast with lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a central retroflex flap , alveolar trill , and retroflex approximant .
A velar lateral flap may exist as an allophone in a few languages of New Guinea.
The symbol for the alveolar lateral flap is the basis for the expected (though not officially recognized) symbol for the retroflex lateral flap,
Symbols such as these are uncommon, but are becoming more frequent now that font-editing software has become accessible. Note however that besides not being sanctioned by the IPA, there are no Unicode values for them. However, the retroflex lateral flap may be written as a digraph with the right-tail diacritic, .
The palatal and velar lateral flaps may be represented with a short diacritic over the letter for the homorganic approximant, although the diacritic would need to appear under the palatal due to its ascender: .
Non-rhotic flaps
The only common non-Rhotic consonant flap is the
labiodental flap, found throughout central Africa in languages such as Margi language. In 2005, the IPA adopted a right-hook vee,
for this sound. Previously, it had been transcribed with the use of the breve diacritic, , or other
ad hoc symbols.
Other flaps are much less common. They include a bilabial flap in Banda language, which may be an
allophone of the labiodental flap, and a velar lateral flap as an allophone in Kanite language and
Melpa language. These are often transcribed with the breve diacritic, as , but other possibilities sometimes seen include the new labiodental flap symbol plus an
advanced (phonetics) diacritic for the bilabial, and a monogram (by analogy with ) for the velar lateral. Note here that, like a velar trill consonant, a central velar flap or tap is not possible because the tongue and
soft palate cannot move together easily enough to produce a sound.
If other flaps are found, the breve diacritic could be used to represent them, but would more properly be combined with the symbol for the corresponding voiced plosive. A
palatal consonant or
uvular consonant flap, which unlike a velar flap is believed to be articulatorily possible, could be represented this way (by ).
External links
- List of phonetics topics
- A Crosslinguistic Lexicon of the Labial Flap
In phonetics, a
flap or
tap is a type of
consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
Contrast with stops and trills
The main difference between a flap and a
stop consonant is that in a flap, there is no buildup of air pressure behind the
place of articulation, and consequently no release (phonetics) burst. Otherwise a flap is similar to a brief stop.
Flaps also contrast with Trill consonant, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a flap, but are variable, whereas a flap is limited to a single contact.
Tap vs. flap
Many linguists use the terms
tap and
flap indiscriminately. Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it might be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage was inconsistent, contradicting itself even between different editions of the same text. The last proposed distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief
Stop consonant, whereas a flap strikes the point of contact: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing." However, he no longer feels this is a useful distinction to make, and prefers to use the word
flap in all cases. For linguists that do make the distinction, the Coronal consonant tap is transcribed as a fish-hook ar, , while the flap is transcribed as a small capital dee, , which is not recognized by the IPA. Otherwise alveolars are typically called
taps, and other
Manner of articulation flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
IPA symbols
The flap and tap consonants identified by the
International Phonetic Alphabet are:
{]|
North American English| [Japanese language| ラーメン| | "ramen"|-| style="font-size: 24px; text-align: center;" | | [retroflex flap|
dupa (?)| | "windbreak"|-| style="font-size: 24px; text-align: center;" | | [labiodental flap||| "animal"|}
Types of flaps
Alveolar flaps
Spanish language features a good illustration of an alveolar flap, contrasting it with a
trill consonant:
pe'r
o "but" vs. perr
o "dog". Among the Germanic languages, this allophone occurs in American English and in Northern Low Saxon language (“Low German language”). In American English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic /t/ (as in "butt'er," "la
ter," "fa
ttest" and "to
tal"). In a number of Low Saxon dialects it occurs as an allophone of intervocalic /d/ or /t/; e.g.
bä'd
en /beeden/ → ‘to pray’, ‘to request’, gah to Bedd
e! /gaa tou bede/ → ‘go to bed!’, Wat
er /vaater/ → ‘water’, Vatt
er /fater/ → ‘father’. (In some dialects this has resulted in reanalysis and a shift to /r/; thus bären , to Berre , Warer , Varrer .) Occurrence varies; in some Low Saxon dialects it affects both /t/ and /d/, while in others it affects only /d/.
Retroflex flaps
Most Indic language and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In
Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in
big, a
breathy voice retroflex flap as in
leper, and a retroflex nasalization flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of
Sanskrit ruby. Some of these may be allophone.
Lateral flaps
Lateral flaps may be more common than much of the literature would lead one to believe. Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that don't distinguish
r from
l may have a lateral flap, but this is generally missed by European linguists, who often aren't familiar with the sound.
However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral-central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral or , sometimes central . This has been suggested to be the case for
Japanese language, for example.
The Iwaidja language of Australia has both alveolar and retroflex lateral flaps, and perhaps a palatal lateral flap as well. (However, the latter is rare and may be a
palatalization alveolar lateral flap rather than a separate phoneme.) These contrast with
lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a central retroflex flap ,
alveolar trill , and retroflex approximant .
A
velar lateral flap may exist as an allophone in a few languages of New Guinea.
The symbol for the alveolar lateral flap is the basis for the expected (though not officially recognized) symbol for the retroflex lateral flap,
Symbols such as these are uncommon, but are becoming more frequent now that font-editing software has become accessible. Note however that besides not being sanctioned by the IPA, there are no Unicode values for them. However, the retroflex lateral flap may be written as a digraph with the right-tail diacritic, .
The palatal and velar lateral flaps may be represented with a short diacritic over the letter for the homorganic approximant, although the diacritic would need to appear under the palatal due to its ascender: .
Non-rhotic flaps
The only common non-
Rhotic consonant flap is the labiodental flap, found throughout central Africa in languages such as
Margi language. In
2005, the IPA adopted a right-hook vee,
for this sound. Previously, it had been transcribed with the use of the breve diacritic, , or other
ad hoc symbols.
Other flaps are much less common. They include a
bilabial flap in
Banda language, which may be an allophone of the labiodental flap, and a velar lateral flap as an allophone in
Kanite language and Melpa language. These are often transcribed with the breve diacritic, as , but other possibilities sometimes seen include the new labiodental flap symbol plus an
advanced (phonetics) diacritic for the bilabial, and a monogram (by analogy with ) for the velar lateral. Note here that, like a velar trill consonant, a central velar flap or tap is not possible because the tongue and soft palate cannot move together easily enough to produce a sound.
If other flaps are found, the breve diacritic could be used to represent them, but would more properly be combined with the symbol for the corresponding voiced plosive. A
palatal consonant or
uvular consonant flap, which unlike a velar flap is believed to be articulatorily possible, could be represented this way (by ).
External links
- List of phonetics topics
- A Crosslinguistic Lexicon of the Labial Flap
Flap consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown ...
Flap - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Intervocalic alveolar flapping, a process by which a /t/ phoneme] before an unstressed vowel is pronounced as a flap consonant; Free flap, a surgical transfer of vascularised tissue ...
Flap consonant - Psychology Wiki
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Table of Contents. 1 Links; In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonant al sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is ...
Reference for Flap consonant - Search.com
Flap consonant ... Wikipedia. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Are you an expert in this subject?
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flap operation ... Flap consonant Flap display Flap display board flap down flap down flap down
Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Flap consonant
Reference.com free online encyclopedia article for Flap consonant, powered by Wikipedia ... Flap consonant Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This Source In phonetics, a flap ...
Wikipedia search result
In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown ...
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Acronym Definition; VFXR(R) Flap Retraction Speed (aviation)? ... Flap consonant Flap display Flap display board flap down flap down flap down
